Young Nurses Journal of Research (YNJR) is an online platform for young nurses in clinical and teaching area to publish their research articles to the world. Through this online journal YNJR bring you the newest and most exciting articles related to innovations in nursing research. With resourceful articles and scientific presentations from various reputed young nursing authors, we keep you up to date on the latest and greatest part of nursing research. Our Motto is to keep you connected to the new information you need. From informative scientific articles to case studies and review articles we continue to bring evidenced based nursing updates you need and love. Our vision is to ensure that nurses at all levels are able to provide vital research contributions to the field of nursing. Frequency : 04 Issues per year.
M Justin Jaspher -Index of Nursing Journals
Effectiveness of a Selected Nutritional Intervention Strategy to Improve Haemoglobin Levels and Reduce Anaemia Prevalence Among School-Going Girls in Lucknow: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Background: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) remains a major public health concern among adolescent girls in India, with national prevalence estimates ranging from 40% to 65.7%. School-going girls represent a particularly vulnerable subgroup owing to the heightened iron demands of pubertal growth, the onset of menstruation, and limited dietary diversity. Food-based interventions using locally available, iron-rich food combinations offer a feasible and culturally acceptable approach to address this persistent nutritional deficit. Objectives: This study aimed to: (1) assess the prevalence of anaemia among school-going girls aged 9–16 years in a selected government school in Lucknow; (2) evaluate the effectiveness of a structured nutritional intervention comprising rice flakes and soyabean chunks in improving haemoglobin levels; and (3) examine the association between haemoglobin levels and selected demographic variables. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test/post-test design was employed. Forty girls aged 9–16 years with haemoglobin below 10 g/dL were enrolled from a selected school, Lucknow, using non-probability consecutive sampling. A daily nutritional supplement comprising 50 g rice flakes and 50 g soyabean chunks was administered for three consecutive weeks. Haemoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention using Sahli's haemoglobinometer. Anaemia severity was classified according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria. Data were analysed using paired t-test and chi-square (χ²) test at the 0.05 level of significance. Results: Prior to intervention, no selected participant had normal haemoglobin; 22.5% had mild, 52.5% moderate, and 25.0% severe anaemia. After the three-week intervention, 50.0% of participants achieved healthy haemoglobin levels, 22.5% had mild anaemia, and 27.5% moderate anaemia; no cases of severe or life-threatening anaemia were recorded. Mean haemoglobin increased significantly from 8.27 g/dL to 10.46 g/dL, representing a mean gain of 2.19 g/dL (t = 22.275, p < 0.001). No statistically significant associations were observed between haemoglobin levels and the tested demographic variables. Conclusion: A three-week daily provision of rice flakes and soyabean chunks produced a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in haemoglobin levels among anaemic school girls in Lucknow. These findings support the integration of low-cost, culturally acceptable, food-based strategies into school health programmes as a complement to existing national anaemia-control initiatives.
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Effectiveness of an Information, Education, and Communication Package on Knowledge Regarding Lifestyle Modification for Prevention of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Among Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, with lifestyle modification serving as a cornerstone of prevention and management. Nursing students, as future healthcare providers, require comprehensive knowledge about PCOS prevention strategies to effectively educate and counsel patients. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of an Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) package on knowledge regarding lifestyle modification in the prevention of PCOS among nursing students in a selected nursing college in Lucknow, India. Methods: A quasi-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was employed. A total of 100 nursing students (25 each from BSc Nursing 1st year, BSc Nursing 2nd year, GNM 1st year, and GNM 2nd year), aged 18-25 years, were selected through probability simple stratified random sampling from a selected nursing college, Lucknow. Data were collected over 10 days using a structured 30-item multiple-choice questionnaire and a 15-item demographic questionnaire. The IEC package consisted of a 45-minute lecture-cum-discussion session delivered via LCD projector. Pre-test was conducted on day 1, the IEC intervention on day 3, and post-test on day 7. Knowledge scores were categorized as poor (1-10), average (11-20), and good (21-30). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and chi-square test. Results: Pre-test results revealed that 44% of participants had poor knowledge and 56% had average knowledge, with no participants demonstrating good knowledge (mean = 10.83, SD = 2.731). Following the IEC intervention, post-test results showed significant improvement: 5% had poor knowledge, 32% had average knowledge, and 63% had good knowledge (mean = 22.47, SD = 7.168). The mean difference of 11.640 was statistically significant (t = 16.718, p < 0.05), indicating the effectiveness of the IEC package. Conclusion: The IEC package was highly effective in enhancing nursing students' knowledge regarding lifestyle modification for PCOS prevention. The significant improvement in knowledge scores demonstrates the value of structured educational interventions in preparing nursing students to address PCOS through patient education and counselling. Integration of PCOS-focused educational modules into nursing curricula is recommended to strengthen preventive healthcare delivery.
Effectiveness of Intradialytic Leg Exercise on Fatigue and Activities of Daily Living Among Hemodialysis Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Background: Fatigue is among the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms experienced by patients undergoing hemodialysis, significantly compromising their activities of daily living (ADL) and overall quality of life. Intradialytic exercise has been proposed as a safe, cost-effective non-pharmacological intervention; however, evidence regarding the simultaneous impact on both fatigue and ADL in the Indian clinical context remains limited. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of intradialytic leg exercise on fatigue and ADL among hemodialysis patients and to determine the correlation between fatigue and ADL after the intervention. Methods: A quasi-experimental, non-randomized control group design was employed. Fifty-four adult hemodialysis patients from selected hospital, Lucknow, India, were allocated to experimental (n = 27) and control (n = 27) groups via purposive sampling. The intervention consisted of structured intradialytic leg exercises (stretching, flexion, extension, and rotation) performed during the first hour of each dialysis session for 30 minutes, twice weekly over two weeks. Fatigue was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) Scale (Version 4), and ADL was measured using the KATZ Index of Independence. Paired and unpaired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were applied for statistical analysis. Results: Following the intervention, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in fatigue levels, with the mean FACIT-F score increasing from 31.85 (SD = 6.96) pre-intervention to 44.70 (SD = 9.04) post-intervention (mean difference = 12.74; t = 16.02; p < 0.05). The mean ADL score also improved from 3.66 to 4.11 in the experimental group, although the difference was not statistically significant. A strong positive correlation was observed between post-test fatigue and ADL scores in both the experimental (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and control (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) groups. Conclusion: A two-week intradialytic leg exercise programme significantly reduced fatigue among hemodialysis patients without adverse events, underscoring its value as a structured nursing intervention. The strong correlation between fatigue and ADL highlights the necessity of addressing fatigue to preserve functional independence in this population.
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Nursing: Applications, Implications, and Challenges
Background: Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) encompasses a broad spectrum of digital technologies designed to facilitate structured, interactive learning across educational and healthcare settings. Its adoption in nursing has accelerated considerably in response to mounting demands for flexible, evidence-based, and competency-driven education. Purpose: This narrative review examines the conceptual foundations, major typologies, and multidimensional applications of CAI in nursing education, clinical practice, research, community health, and professional advocacy. Main Findings: CAI modalities including drill and practice, tutorial, simulation, discovery, and problem-solving approaches each confer distinct pedagogical advantages. In nursing education, CAI supports individualised, self-paced, and multimedia-enhanced learning. In clinical environments, it improves documentation accuracy, patient education, continuing professional development, and nurse-led telehealth delivery. In research, it enables systematic literature retrieval, data management, and statistical analysis. In community settings, CAI extends the reach of health promotion and strengthens public health data infrastructure. It also strengthens nursing advocacy by enabling digital reporting and informed clinical decision-making. Limitations including information overload, digital infrastructure deficits, and the inability of CAI to replicate the emotional dimensions of care are identified. Conclusion: CAI holds substantial transformative potential for nursing across all professional domains. Strategic investment in digital infrastructure, faculty capacity, and context-sensitive instructional design is essential to maximize its benefits.
Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing Education: A Systematic Review of Approaches for Preparing Future-Ready Nurses
Background: Nursing education faces unprecedented challenges in preparing competent, future-ready practitioners capable of addressing complex healthcare demands. Innovative pedagogical strategies have emerged as critical tools for enhancing clinical competence, critical thinking, and professional readiness. Objective: To systematically review and synthesize evidence on innovative teaching strategies in nursing education, examining their effectiveness on critical thinking, clinical competence, decision making, and student satisfaction compared to traditional methods. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed across PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2019 and 2026. Studies examining simulation-based learning, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI), flipped classroom, problem-based learning (PBL), case-based learning (CBL), gamification, e-learning, interprofessional education (IPE), mobile learning, and competency-based education (CBE) were included. Data ex-traction focused on study design, sample characteristics, teaching strategies, outcomes, and student satisfaction. Thematic synthesis was performed to identify patterns and effectiveness across pedagogical approaches. Results: Thirty studies met inclusion criteria, representing diverse geographical contexts including global and Indian nursing education settings. Simulation-based learning and VR/AR technologies demonstrated significant improvements in clinical competence, self-confidence, and knowledge retention. AI-enhanced pedagogies showed promise in personalized learning and competency scaffolding. Flipped classroom and PBL approaches enhanced critical thinking and student engagement. Student satisfaction was consistently higher with technology-enhanced and active learning strategies compared to traditional lecture-based methods. Indian nursing education reforms, including the National Nursing and Midwifery Commission (NNMC) Act, are driving curriculum modernization and competency-based frameworks. Conclusion: Innovative teaching strategies significantly enhance nursing education outcomes across multiple domains. Technology-enhanced learning, active pedagogies, and competency-based approaches prepare nurses for contemporary healthcare challenges. Successful implementation requires faculty development, infrastructure investment, and pedagogical integration that balances technological innovation with humanistic care principles.
Stress and Coping Strategies Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Systematic Review
Background: Undergraduate nursing students experience substantial psychological stress from academic demands, clinical training, and professional transitions, compromising academic performance, clinical competence, patient safety, and workforce retention. Objectives: This systematic review synthesizes empirical evidence on stress prevalence, stressors, and coping strategies among undergraduate nursing students to inform educational interventions and institutional policy. Methods: Systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library (2016–2024) used keywords: nursing students, stress, coping strategies, academic stress, clinical stress. Inclusion criteria: undergraduate nursing students, English-language, peer-reviewed studies reporting stress or coping outcomes. PRISMA guidelines guided screening; JBI tools assessed quality. Narrative synthesis analyzed 192 moderate-to-high quality studies. Results: Moderate-to-high stress affected 59–99% of students; mean Perceived Stress Scale scores ranged 20.52–22.78. Predominant stressors included academic workload, clinical instructors' evaluative practices, patient care responsibilities, and financial constraints. Problem-solving, social support, religious practices, and acceptance correlated with reduced stress; avoidance, denial, and self-blame predicted adverse outcomes. Interventions (reflective journaling, acupressure, structured programs) demonstrated efficacy. Conclusion: Nursing students globally experience substantial stress requiring targeted responses. Evidence supports curriculum redesign, preceptor training, embedded coping skills education, and accessible mental health resources to enhance well-being and professional preparedness.
Beyond Physical Health: Integrating Mental Health Screening in Pediatric Care Settings
Background: Mental health disorders affect a substantial proportion of children and adolescents, yet many cases remain undetected in primary care settings. Professional organizations strongly endorse routine mental health screening in pediatric practice, but implementation remains inconsistent. Objective: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on integrating mental health screening in pediatric care settings, examining the rationale, current practices, validated instruments, implementation strategies, barriers and facilitators, outcomes, and future directions. Methods: We reviewed systematic reviews, implementation studies, quality improvement projects, and clinical guidelines addressing mental health screening in pediatric primary care. Results: While numerous validated screening instruments exist and professional guidelines support routine screening, implementation faces multifaceted barriers including time constraints, inadequate training, workflow challenges, and limited mental health service access. Successful integration requires systematic approaches including collaborative care models, co-located behavioral health services, quality improvement methodologies, and addressing provider-level and system-level barriers. Evidence demonstrates that systematic screening increases identification rates and facilitates earlier intervention, though sustained implementation requires ongoing support, adequate resources, and workflow alignment. Conclusion: Mental health screening integration in pediatric primary care is feasible and beneficial but requires comprehensive implementation strategies, enhanced training, improved reimbursement models, and system-level support to achieve widespread adoption and sustained practice.
Assessment of Prevalence and Awareness Regarding Thyroid Disorders Among Nursing Students in a Selected Nursing College, Lucknow
Introduction: Despite their high prevalence, thyroid disorders often remain underdiagnosed, especially in subclinical stages, which may progress to overt disease if left untreated. Undiagnosed thyroid dysfunction can lead to complications including cardiovascular disorders, menstrual irregularities, infertility, cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, and reduced quality of life. Iodine deficiency remains a major preventable cause of thyroid disorders worldwide, particularly in regions with low dietary iodine intake. Nursing students represent a crucial population group, as they are future healthcare providers responsible for early detection, health promotion, and patient education. Thyroid dysfunction among nursing students may negatively impact academic performance, concentration, memory, and overall well-being, potentially affecting their professional development. Assessing both the prevalence of thyroid disorders and the level of awareness among nursing students is therefore essential. Aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders and the level of awareness regarding thyroid disorders among nursing students in selected nursing colleges of Lucknow. Materials and Methods: This study employed a descriptive, non-experimental cross-sectional design to assess the prevalence and awareness regarding thyroid disorders among nursing students. The study was conducted at St. Mary’s College of Nursing, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study population comprised nursing students aged 17–25 years. The accessible population included students enrolled at St. Mary’s College of Nursing. A total of 263 participants were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Eligible participants included students enrolled in B.Sc Nursing, GNM, ANM and paramedical courses who were available during the data collection period and provided informed consent. Students. Screening camp was organized to assess thyroid status. Results: Thyroid screening results revealed that 228 (86.7%) students had normal TSH levels, while 25 (9.5%) exhibited hypothyroidism and 10 (3.8%) had hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism was more common than hyperthyroidism among the participants. Pertaining to level of knowledge on thyroid disorders among nursing students mean score of approximately 28.3 indicates that, on average, nursing students fall within the moderate knowledge category, but are close to the threshold of adequate knowledge. The standard deviation of 8.5 shows a moderate level of variation in knowledge scores. This means that while many students have good knowledge, a noticeable proportion still have low understanding. This variation is also reflected in the distribution, where 14.1% of students have inadequate knowledge, compared to 49.0% with adequate knowledge. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study highlights that thyroid disorders are not uncommon among nursing students, with 13.3% showing abnormal TSH levels. Hypothyroidism was found to be more prevalent than hyperthyroidism, indicating a noticeable burden of thyroid dysfunction even in a young and otherwise healthy population. This raises concern as such conditions may affect both the well-being and academic performance of students. The findings also show that while many students have moderate to adequate knowledge about thyroid disorders, a considerable number still lack sufficient understanding. This gap in knowledge suggests the need for stronger educational efforts within the nursing curriculum. Improving awareness through targeted teaching, workshops, and regular health education programs can help students better recognize early symptoms and seek timely care.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Assessment and Treatment of Young Infants Based on IMNCI Guidelines Among Nursing Students
Introduction: Reducing neonatal and infant mortality remains a major public health priority, particularly in developing countries like India. The Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) strategy, developed by WHO and UNICEF, provides evidence-based protocols for early detection and management of childhood illnesses. Despite its importance, gaps in nursing students’ knowledge regarding IMNCI guidelines persist, mainly due to limited structured educational exposure. Recognizing this need, the present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on the knowledge of nursing students regarding the IMNCI guidelines in a selected nursing college in Lucknow. Enhancing knowledge during the formative academic phase can significantly contribute to building skilled future healthcare providers, ultimately improving child health indicators. Methods: A quantitative pre-experimental study design with a one-group pre-test post-test approach was adopted for this research. A total of 80 nursing students were selected using non-probability purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria consisted of students who were available during the study and willing to participate. A structured questionnaire consisting of multiple-choice questions based on IMNCI guidelines was developed and validated for data collection. The participants first underwent a pre-test to assess their baseline knowledge, followed by the administration of a structured teaching program covering all essential aspects of IMNCI. After a gap of one week, a post-test was conducted using the same questionnaire to evaluate knowledge improvement. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation were used for summarizing data, while inferential statistics like the paired t-test and chi-square test were applied to test the hypotheses. Results: The analysis revealed a significant enhancement in the knowledge levels of nursing students after the structured teaching intervention. The mean pre-test knowledge score was 24.11 with a standard deviation of 5.39, which increased to a mean post-test score of 26.34 with a standard deviation of 4.99. The paired t-test showed a t-value of 2.6510 with 79 degrees of freedom, and the p-value was 0.010, which is less than the 0.05 level of significance, indicating a statistically significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores. Thus, the structured teaching program was effective in improving students' knowledge regarding IMNCI guidelines. Furthermore, the chi-square test was applied to assess the association between pre-test knowledge scores and selected socio-demographic variables. No significant association was found between pre-test knowledge scores and age or. However, a significant association was found between the course of study, prior academic exposure to IMNCI, and attendance at IMNCI workshops or training. Students who had prior exposure and training in IMNCI scored significantly better, suggesting that curriculum integration and workshop participation positively impact knowledge acquisition. Conclusion: The study suggests that effective implementation of IMNCI teaching into the regular nursing curriculum, organizing frequent workshops and seminars, and providing clinical exposure to IMNCI protocols could be effective strategies to prepare nursing students for real-world pediatric healthcare challenges. Given the critical role that nurses play in child health care services, equipping them with evidence-based knowledge and skills during their training years is essential for achieving better health outcomes for infants and children
Age at Marriage and Its Relationship with Fertility Patterns among Women in Urban Slums of Lucknow
Introduction: In urban slums, where a large population of poor and uneducated adolescent girls resides, the issue of early marriage is more acute when compared with data for a similar age group from urban non-slum areas. Despite legal provisions against child marriage, the problem persists, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas. Many studies have shown a negative relationship between age at marriage and fertility. Age at marriage is an important demographic variable, influencing fertility. Since most birth take place within marriage in many traditional societies. It seems quite reasonable to assume that age of marriage is likely to affect the number of children women eventually bears. Thus, considering age at first marriage as the prime determinant of fertility in the context of Uttar Pradesh, an attempt will be made in the study to identify the important socio-economic and demographic factor influencing the female’s age at first marriage and the impact of age at first marriage on fertility in selected slums of Lucknow. Materials & Methods: A descriptive survey approach was adopted to collect data from a sample of 100 married women residing in urban slums through convenience sampling. The study analyzed demographic variables such as age, education, occupation, income, religion, and family type in relation to the age of marriage. The impact of early marriage on fertility indicators, including the number of pregnancies, living children, abortions, and stillbirths, was also examined. Results: The study found that the average marriage age in urban slums of Lucknow falls within the range of 18.5 to 21.5 years. Demographic variables such as education, occupation, income, and family type were not significantly associated with the age of marriage, while religion showed a significant association. Furthermore, the study revealed that early marriage did not have a substantial impact on fertility indicators, as there was no significant correlation between age at marriage and the number of pregnancies, living children, abortions, or stillbirths. Conclusion: Early marriage remains a pressing concern in urban slums, with implications for women's fertility. While demographic factors did not significantly influence age at marriage, the impact on fertility indicators was minimal. Public awareness and education are vital in addressing this issue.
Role Entrapment, Emotional Exhaustion, and Severe Perceived Stress in a Nursing Administrator with Maternal Responsibilities: A Mixed-Method Single-Case Study
Background: Even though the number of women in leadership roles in nursing academia is rising, they are still disproportionately responsible for household and caregiving duties. The coexistence of professional, maternal, and household roles may generate cumulative stress exposure. There is still a dearth of empirical data that combines time-use analysis with validated stress measurement in nursing administrators.. The purpose of this study is to investigate the lived experience and perceived stress level of a working mother who works in academic administration at a nursing college. Materials & Methods: Mixed-method single-case study. A 44-year-old nursing administrator completed a 24-hour structured activity schedule and participated in reflective narrative reporting. Perceived stress was assessed using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Quantitative results were compared with published normative values. Results: The participant reported 5.5 hours of sleep per day and participated in about 18 hours of role-related activity. Severe perceived stress was indicated by the PSS-10 score of 34/40. The score matched a Z-value of +3.07 (>99th percentile) when compared to normative female population data (Mean = 13.7; SD = 6.6). Thematic analysis identified persistent role compression, emotional exhaustion, relational strain, identity erosion, and chronic sleep restriction. Conclusion: This case illustrates the extreme stress vulnerability that arises from cumulative professional and domestic demands. It is advisable to reform institutional policies and implement targeted stress management interventions in nursing leaders in order to effectively balance their maternal roles.
Perceived Stress; Maternal Responsibilities; Relational Spillover; Sleep deprivation; Working Mother
Quality versus Quantity in Indian Nursing Education: An Ongoing Dilemma
The rapid expansion of nursing education in India has been instrumental in addressing the growing demand for healthcare professionals. However, this quantitative growth has raised serious concerns regarding the quality of nursing education and the clinical competence of graduates. India continues to face a significant nursing workforce shortage, with nurse-to-population ratios below global benchmarks and marked regional disparities [1–3]. This review synthesizes evidence from published literature, national workforce analyses, policy documents, and regulatory frameworks to examine the persistent imbalance between quantity and quality in Indian nursing education. Key challenges identified include curriculum relevance, theory–practice gap, faculty preparedness, infrastructural inadequacies, regulatory inconsistencies, and socio-professional factors [4–8]. The review highlights strategic implications for balancing expansion with excellence through strengthened accreditation, competency-based curricula, faculty development, infrastructure investment, and integrated workforce planning [1,9–12]. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure that the nursing workforce is not only sufficient in number but also capable of delivering safe, effective, and patient-centered care.
Growth and Development of Toddlers in Rural and Urban Settings: A Correlational Study of Environmental Determinants
Background of the study: Early childhood, particularly the toddler period (1–3 years), is a critical phase for physical growth and developmental maturation. Environmental determinants such as housing, sanitation, water supply, and pollution play an important role in shaping child health outcomes, yet comparative rural–urban evidence linking these factors with both growth and development remains limited in the Indian context. Objectives: To assess and compare the growth and developmental status of rural and urban toddlers and to examine the association between selected environmental variables and growth and developmental outcomes among toddlers residing in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Materials & Methods: A quantitative, comparative descriptive survey design was adopted. Sixty toddlers aged 1–3 years (30 rural, 30 urban) were selected using convenience sampling. Growth was assessed using anthropometric measurements interpreted according to WHO growth standards, while developmental status was evaluated using a structured checklist adapted from the Denver Developmental Screening Test and ICDS guidelines. Environmental variables included housing condition, drinking water source, sanitation facilities, waste water disposal, and air pollution exposure. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results: Normal growth was observed in 66.6% of rural toddlers and 80% of urban toddlers. Mean growth scores did not differ significantly between rural (5.53 ± 0.78) and urban toddlers (5.60 ± 0.89) (t = 0.308, p = 0.759). Similarly, developmental scores were comparable between rural (23.77 ± 4.46) and urban groups (24.77 ± 3.65) (t = 0.950, p = 0.346). Among rural toddlers, drinking water sources and sanitation facilities showed strong positive correlations with growth (rs = 0.700, p < 0.001), while housing condition demonstrated a significant association with developmental milestones (rs = 0.581, p < 0.01). In urban toddlers, air pollution was moderately associated with growth (rs = 0.530, p = 0.002), whereas drinking water, sanitation, and waste water disposal exhibited strong positive correlations with developmental outcomes (rs = 0.700, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Growth and developmental outcomes were broadly comparable between rural and urban toddlers; however, environmental determinants showed differential associations across settings. Safe drinking water, sanitation, and housing conditions emerged as key contributors to optimal growth and development. The findings emphasize the need for integrated, environment-focused child health interventions tailored to both rural and urban communities.
Prevalence and Determinants of Nutritional Deficiencies among Children Aged 2–5 Years in Selected Areas of Lucknow
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nutritional deficiency is most widespread affecting health of children’s due to unhygienic food practices; lack of money, traditional beliefs and inappropriate diet are resulting in malnutrition. Despite governmental efforts to address nutritional deficiencies through schemes and programs, such as food fortification and nutritional education, the problem persists. The prevalence rates of undernutrition and anemia among children in states like Uttar Pradesh underscore the urgency of effective interventions. By addressing the root causes of malnutrition and implementing evidence-based strategies, we can improve the health outcomes and well-being of children, laying the foundation for a healthier future generation. There is a need to integrate readily available nationwide data to reach any denouement and understand the role of fortification of foods to combat micronutrient deficiency for making stronger and age specific recommendations. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of micro nutritional deficiencies six preventable micro nutritional deficiencies (vitamin A, vitaminB12, vitamin D, iron, iodine and folic acid) among children under five years old in specific areas of Lucknow, as well as to identify the factors that predispose them to these deficiencies. MATERIALS & METHODS: Quantitative research approach was adapted for this study. Descriptive research design was used to assess the prevalence of nutritional deficiency with diet plan. The population under study comprises children aged 2 to 5 years. The sample size comprises of 100 children, aged between 2 and 5 years from the Mohanlalganj area of Lucknow. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to select the samples. In this study, the researcher utilized three tools to collect data from the samples: Tool 1: Demographical data Tool 2: Structured questionnaire method is used to assess the pre-disposing factors of nutritional deficiency Tool 3: Modified recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for children according to ICMR to assess the prevalence of nutritional deficiency through diet plan. The collected data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, aligning with the study's objectives and hypotheses. RESULTS: Regarding the prevalence of nutritional deficiency, significant findings emerged. The majority (47%) of 2-3-year-old children showed deficiencies according to recommended daily allowances. Male children (55%) exhibited higher deficiencies compared to females. Hindu children (77%) and those from joint families (61%) also displayed higher deficiency rates. Furthermore, rural areas (70%) showed a higher prevalence of deficiencies compared to urban areas. the birth order of the baby emerges as a significant predisposing factor associated with iron deficiency in children under the age of five. Additionally, the number of children in the family, the age at which breastfeeding ceases, and the spacing between childbirths are all found to be significant factors related to energy deficiency. Furthermore, the occupation of the mother demonstrates statistical significance in relation to protein deficiency at a p-value of 0.05. However, the analysis indicates that all other identified predisposing factors for nutritional deficiency do not reach significance at the 0.05 level. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of nutritional deficiencies in young children and highlight the importance of considering various factors in preventive and intervention strategies. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malnutrition is still significant despite the implementation of a number of national nutrition programs, including ICDS, POSHAN Abhiyaan, food fortification initiatives, and vitamin supplementation programs. Preventable micronutrient deficiencies continue to be a significant public health concern. The results of this study indicate that better implementation, community involvement, and ongoing monitoring are necessary to augment current programs. To achieve long-lasting changes in child nutrition, nutrition education, dietary variety, and behavior change communication strategies must be integrated.
Community Beliefs and Misconceptions Regarding Mental Illness: A Rural–Urban Comparison
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: In rural communities, mental illness is often associated with supernatural causes or moral weakness, leading individuals to seek help from faith healers rather than health professionals [18]. In urban settings, although people may recognize mental illness as a medical condition, fear of discrimination and social judgment continues to hinder timely help-seeking [19]. For nurses and other healthcare professionals, understanding prevailing community beliefs is essential. Identifying specific myths and misconceptions can help in designing targeted educational materials that are culturally appropriate and context-specific. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess and compare the knowledge regarding myths and misconceptions about mental illness among adults in selected rural and urban communities. MATERIALS & METHODS: Study was conducted in selected rural and urban communities of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. The population included adults aged 18 years and above residing in selected rural and urban areas. A total of 60 participants were selected, 30 each from rural and 30 from urban communities. Stratified random sampling was adapted to select the samples. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the demographic characteristic of participants. Fisher’s Exact Test and odds ratios (OR) were used to compare the frequency of myth-related beliefs about mental illness between rural and urban respondents. RESULTS: Rural adults were more than five times more likely to support the idea that mental disease results from personal weakness (OR = 5.09), even though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.080). Adults living in rural areas were more likely to think that mental health issues are uncommon or not significant (OR = 7.25). “People with mental illness are violent and dangerous” was more likely to be endorsed by urban adults (OR = 0.33; p = 0.095).Rural respondents were more likely to support the idea that mental illness is a curse brought on by transgressions from a previous life (OR = 3.06). Respondents from rural areas were more likely to concur that discussing mental health issues brings shame or misfortune (OR = 3.00). The statement “Medication is the only treatment for mental illness” was somewhat more common among respondents from rural areas (OR = 1.40), but the difference was not statistically significant. The only statement that showed a statistically significant rural-urban difference was “Children and adolescents do not experience mental illness” (p = 0.013; OR = 4.69). CONCLUSION: Overall, the study underscores the urgent need for targeted mental health awareness programs, especially in rural communities, focusing on correcting myths, reducing stigma, and promoting a bio psychosocial understanding of mental illness. Community-based education, school mental health programs, and culturally sensitive awareness campaigns can play a key role in improving knowledge and attitudes. Addressing these misconceptions is essential for encouraging early help-seeking, improving treatment acceptance, and ultimately strengthening mental health outcomes across both rural and urban populations.
Knowledge of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative among Staff Nurses: A Descriptive Study in Lucknow
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Hospitals adhering to BFHI standards consistently report improved breastfeeding initiation rates, higher exclusive breastfeeding prevalence, and longer breastfeeding duration [15]. Despite its proven effectiveness, global implementation of BFHI has been uneven. Several evaluations have highlighted challenges related to inadequate workforce training, insufficient institutional commitment, high staff turnover, and lack of ongoing monitoring mechanisms [15,16]. Nurse’s knowledge and competence are critical determinants of successful BFHI implementation and maternal confidence in breastfeeding. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding BFHI among staff nurses working in selected hospitals of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and to examine its association with selected demographic and professional variables. MATERIALS & METHODS: Descriptive research approach was adapted for this study. The study was conducted in selected hospital of Lucknow. The 60 staff nurses who were working in maternity, obstetric or neonatal care units with at least 6 months of experience in selected hospital and who are willing to participate in the study were selected as samples for this study. A non-probability purposive sampling technique will be used to select 60 staff nurses from the chosen hospitals. RESULTS: The majority of staff nurses, 50%, scored between 9 and 17, indicating moderate knowledge.33.3% of nurses showed adequate knowledge, with their scores falling between 18 and 35, suggesting a higher level of understanding. Another 20% of staff nurses had scored below 8, reflecting poor or inadequate knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 16.7% with a standard deviation of 7.86, indicating a moderate level of overall knowledge with clear differences among participants. The results revealed that a demographic variable such as age, Gender and Previous Training Related to BFHI shows significant association with their knowledge level. Other variables such as Highest Level of Nursing Education of the staff nurses, Years of Experience and Work Experience in maternal and neonatal care hospital show no significant association with their knowledge level. CONCLUSION: The study showed that nurses in the selected hospitals of Lucknow had a moderate level of knowledge about the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Knowledge levels were not affected by education level in nursing, years of experience, or previous work in maternal and neonatal care. However, younger age, gender, and especially attending BFHI-specific training were linked to higher knowledge. This highlights that structured training programs play a key role in improving nurses’ understanding of BFHI and should be emphasized to ensure better implementation in hospitals.
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), Breastfeeding Practices, Staff Nurses, Knowledge Assessment, BFHI Training, Maternal and Neonatal Care